Dietary habits of lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota Bengalensis) in an agro-ecosystem, Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan / Hábitos alimentares de rato bandicoot (Bandicota Bengalensis) em um agroecossistema do Planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão

Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets / Avaliação de diferentes aglutinantes de amido na qualidade física de rações para peixes

Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Genomic characterization of Puccinia triticina using molecular marker technology / Caracterização genômica de Puccinia triticina usando tecnologia de marcadores moleculares

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is the most common rust disease of wheat. The fungus is an obligate parasite capable of producing infectious urediniospores. To study the genetic structure of the leaf rust population 20 RAPD primers were evaluated on 15 isolates samples collected in Pakistan. A total of 105 RAPD fragments were amplified with an average of 7 fragments per primer. The number of amplified fragments varied from 1 to 12. GL Decamer L-07 and GL Decamer L-01 amplified the highest number of bands (twelve) and primer GL Decamer A-03 amplified the lowest number of bands i.e one. Results showed that almost all investigated isolates were genetically different that confirms high genetic diversity within the leaf rust population. Rust spores can follow the migration pattern in short and long distances to neighbor areas. Results indicated that the greatest variability was revealed by 74.9% of genetic differentiation within leaf rust populations. These results suggested that each population was not completely identical and high gene flow has occurred among the leaf rust population of different areas. The highest differentiation and genetic distance among the Pakistani leaf rust populations were detected between the leaf rust population in NARC isolate (NARC-4) and AARI-11and the highest similarity was observed between NARC isolates (NARC-4) and (NARC-5). The present study showed the leaf rust population in Pakistan is highly dynamic and variable.

A ferrugem da folha, causada por Puccinia triticina, é a ferrugem mais comum do trigo. O fungo é um parasita obrigatório, capaz de produzir urediniósporos infecciosos. Para estudar a estrutura genética da população de ferrugem da folha, 20 primers RAPD foram avaliados em 15 amostras de isolados coletadas no Paquistão. Um total de 105 fragmentos RAPD foram amplificados com uma média de 7 fragmentos por primer. O número de fragmentos amplificados variou de 1 a 12. GL Decamer L-07 e GL Decamer L-01 amplificaram o maior número de bandas (doze), e o primer GL Decamer A-03 amplificou o menor número de bandas, ou seja, um. Os resultados mostraram que quase todos os isolados investigados eram geneticamente diferentes, o que confirma a alta diversidade genética na população de ferrugem da folha. Os esporos de ferrugem podem seguir o padrão de migração em distâncias curtas e longas para áreas vizinhas. Os resultados indicaram que a maior variabilidade foi revelada por 74,9% da diferenciação genética nas populações de ferrugem. Esses resultados sugeriram que cada população não era completamente idêntica e um alto fluxo gênico ocorreu entre a população de ferrugem da folha de diferentes áreas. A maior diferenciação e distância genética entre as populações de ferrugem da folha do Paquistão foram detectadas entre a população de ferrugem da folha no isolado NARC (NARC-4) e AARI-11 e a maior similaridade foi observada entre os isolados NARC (NARC-4) e (NARC-5). O presente estudo mostrou que a população de ferrugem da folha no Paquistão é altamente dinâmica e variável.

Dietary habits of lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota Bengalensis) in an agro-ecosystem, Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets

Abstract Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Resumo Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Diagnosis of Celiac Disease after Starting Antitubercular Medication: A Case Report

We present the case of a young patient from Argentina living in a rural area without any relevant medical history. He consulted the emergency department after blunt chest trauma, and during trauma studies, images compatible with pulmonary tuberculosis were found, a diagnosis made incidentally. After starting treatment, he exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, which were initially considered an adverse effect of treatment with rifampin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/ethambutol (RHZE). Upon completing the first phase of treatment and suspending the medication, the symptoms improved, and the bacilloscopies were negative. Subsequently, the severity of the symptoms drew attention. Additional paraclinical tests were performed with malabsorptive diarrhea results, considering the patient's origin and the fact that his diet included products that he grew himself without prior exposure to gluten. Celiac disease is suspected, and antibodies and biopsy results compatible with this entity were obtained. When reviewing the association of symptom onset with the RHZE/pyridoxine treatment, we found these medications may have wheat-based excipients, which explains the worsening of symptoms, not due to the gastrointestinal adverse effects of the antibiotic but its excipients. Finally, the case was analyzed, tuberculosis was ruled out, and treatment was suspended, refocusing the therapeutic effort on recovering the patient's nutritional status. Subsequently, no other hospital admissions were recorded, and he remained respiratorily asymptomatic, with weight gain and nutritional recovery.

Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven, proveniente de Argentina y residente de un área rural, sin ningún antecedente médico a resaltar. Consultó al servicio de urgencias después de un trauma cerrado de tórax y durante los estudios de trauma se encontraron imágenes compatibles con tuberculosis pulmonar, diagnóstico realizado de manera incidental. Luego del inicio de tratamiento presentó síntomas gastrointestinales dados por diarrea, dolor abdominal y pérdida de peso, lo que inicialmente se consideró un efecto adverso al tratamiento con rifampicina/isoniazida/pirazinamida/etambutol (RHZE). Al completar la primera fase del tratamiento y suspender la medicación mejoraron los síntomas, además de que las baciloscopias fueron negativas. Posteriormente, llamó la atención la gravedad de los síntomas, por lo que se realizaron paraclínicos adicionales con resultados a favor de diarrea malabsortiva; teniendo en cuenta la procedencia del paciente y el hecho de que basaba su dieta en productos que él mismo cultivaba, sin haber exposición previa al gluten. Se sospecha enfermedad celíaca, y se obtuvieron anticuerpos y resultados en la biopsia compatibles con esta entidad. Al revisar la asociación de inicio de síntomas con el uso de tratamiento de RHZE/piridoxina, se observa que estos medicamentos pueden tener excipientes a base de trigo, lo que explica el empeoramiento de los síntomas, no por efectos adversos gastrointestinales del antibiótico sino por sus excipientes. Finalmente, se analizó el caso, se descartó tuberculosis y se suspendió el tratamiento, redirigiendo el esfuerzo terapéutico hacia la recuperación del estado nutricional del paciente. Posteriormente, no se registran otros ingresos hospitalarios, continúa asintomático respiratorio, con ganancia de peso y recuperación nutricional.

Aprovechamiento alternativo de calamar (Dosidicus gigas) como fuente de proteína para la fortificación de pan tipo baguette / Alternative use of squid (Dosidicus gigas) flour as a protein source to improve the nutritional quality of baguette bread

Introducción. Los cereales tienen aminoácidos limitantes y mezclarlos con harinas de origen marino presentan un mejor equilibrio en éstos mejorando la composición nutricional en productos de panificación, principalmente de proteína y aminoácidos. Objetivo. Desarrollar panes tipo "baguette" sustituyendo parcialente harina de trigo (HT) por harina de calamar (HC) y evaluar su calidad física, química y sensorial. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la técnica de masa esponja incorporando 7,5, 10 y 12,5 % de HC. Análisis físicos: tiempo de amasado, peso y fermentación de la masa, volumen específico, peso de los panes (g), % pérdida humedad y color de miga; análisis químicos: humedad, proteína cruda, cenizas, extracto etéreo, fibra cruda, carbohidratos, aminoácidos indispensables y energía bruta y evaluación sensorial: textura, olor, color y sabor. Resultados. Las propiedades físicas no presentaron diferencias (p>0,05), pero sí (p<0,05) para las variables de color en todos los panes, al igual que en los análisis químicos y perfil de aminoácidos (p<0,05), incrementándose la proteína (15,63 % pan con 7,5 % de HC hasta 23,27 % pan con 12,5 % de HC) y mismo comportamiento de aminoácidos indispensables conforme aumentó la inclusión de HC. Los resultados de la evaluación sensorial fueron similares (p>0,05) para 7,5 % de HC (me gusta), para 10,0 y 12,5 % fue indiferente. Conclusiones. La inclusión de HC (7,5 %) en baguette logró un aumento de proteínas y aminoácidos esenciales mejorando la calidad nutricional, con buena aceptación de acuerdo con la prueba de carácter exploratorio con consumidores que se empleó(AU)

Introduction. Cereals have limiting amino acids and mixing them with flours of marine origin could provide a better balance in these improving the nutritional composition in bakery products, mainly protein and amino acids. Objective. To develop and evaluate the physical, chemical, and sensory quality of three white breads of baguette type by partially substitution of wheat flour (HT) with squid flour (HC). Materials and methods. The sponge dough technique was used incorporating 7,5, 10,0 and 12,5 % of HC. Physical analysis: kneading time, dough weight, dough fermentation, specific volume, bread weight (g), % loss of moisture and crumb color; chemical analysis: moisture, crude protein, ash, ether extract, crude fiber, carbohydrates, indispensable amino acids and sensory evaluation: texture, odor, color, and flavor. Results. Physical properties did not show differences (p>0.05), differences (p<0.05) for color variables in all breads as well as in chemical analysis and amino acid profile (p<0.05), the protein show an increase (15,63 % for bread with HT to 23,27 % for bread with 12.5 % of HC) and the same behavior for indispensable amino acids, that increase as inclusion of HC increases. The results of the sensory evaluation were similar (p>0.05) in control and 7,5 % of HC (I like it), for 10 and 12,5% it was indifferent. Conclusions. The inclusion of squid flour (7,5 %) in the preparation of baguette bread achieved an increase of proteins and essential amino acids that improved the nutritional quality of this food, which also presented a good acceptance according to an exploratory test with consumers(AU)

FIELD TRIAL OF CYANOBACTERIA BASED BIOFERTILIZER FOR CULTIVATION OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM PLANT

The continuous growth of the global human population and the depletion of natural energy resources are posing a threat to the environment and the sustainable supply of food and energy. To address this issue, a solution known as "green technology" has been developed, focusing on the use of eco-friendly approaches. One of these approaches involves harnessing the power of cyanobacteria, which are ancient microorganisms that have existed on Earth for a long time. This approach was used to probe the diversity of phototrophic microorganisms in Wheat samples. The presence of nif genes allows cyanobacteria to x nitrogen which plays a vital role in nitrogen cycle and biological processes such as plant growth and soil fertility. Wheat production test in current study evaluates the yield and quality of wheat crops. It shows factors such as improvement in growth, heat resistance and environmental adaptability, improvement in production; provide insights for optimizing cultivation practices and ensuring successful high yield. Identication of Cyanobacteria for their combination of nif and molecular identity is prior for production of bio fertilizers. Cyanobacteria can be cultivated on a large scale to produce biomass that has multiple uses, including biofertilizer, secondary metabolites, cosmetics, and medicines. In the eld of agriculture, production of healthy crop cyanobacterial biofertilizer are being increasingly used in eco-friendly and sustainable practices. These biofertilizer are produced through mass cultivation of cyanobacteria and offer several benets.

Probióticos y prebióticos en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca / Probiotics and prebiotics for patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity

La enfermedad celíaca y la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca han tenido un aumento en su incidencia, esto las ha convertido en tema de interés en la búsqueda de enfoques terapéuticos innovadores que ayuden a mejorar los síntomas intestinales y extraintestinales. Esta revisión pretende determinar los efectos del uso de probióticos y prebióticos en la enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos HINARI, PubMed y Scopus en idioma español e inglés, se incluyeron artículos originales y de revisión con un máximo de cinco años desde su publicación. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos para la enfermedad celíaca ha mostrado beneficios restaurando la composición del microbiota intestinal, en especial con el uso de Lactobacilli y Bifidobacterium spp.; en la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca, el uso se ve limitado al no conocer con exactitud su fisiopatología; no obstante, se propone como mejor pauta terapéutica una dieta libre de gluten. El uso de probióticos y prebióticos podría aliviar los síntomas gastrointestinales y mejorar la disbiosis en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que evidencien los beneficios de su uso como alternativa terapéutica

Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity are entities that have shown an increase in incidence, making them a topic of interest to provide innovative therapeutic approaches and improve intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. This review intends to determine the effects of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A narrative review was undertaken by searching for original and review articles no older than five years since publication through data bases consulted: HINARI, PubMed and Scopus in Spanish and English. The use of probiotics and prebiotics in celiac disease has shown benefits by restoring the composition of the intestinal microbiota, especially with the use of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium spp.; in non-celiac gluten sensitivity, its use is limited as its pathophysiology is not exactly known, therefore, a gluten-free diet is currently considered to be the best therapeutic guideline. The use of probiotics and prebiotics could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and improve dysbiosis in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits of its use as a therapeutic alternative

Characterization of wheat-Thinopyrum bessarabicum genetic stock for stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance / Caracterização do estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum para resistência de ferrugem e Karnal bunt

Abstract Utilization of modern breeding techniques for developing high yielding and uniform plant types ultimately narrowing the genetic makeup of most crops. Narrowed genetic makeup of these crops has made them vulnerable towards disease and insect epidemics. For sustainable crop production, genetic variability of these crops must be broadened against various biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the ways to widen genetic configuration of these crops is to identify novel additional sources of durable resistance. In this regard crops wild relatives are providing valuable sources of allelic diversity towards various biotic, abiotic stress tolerance and quality components. For incorporating novel variability from wild relative's wide hybridization technique has become a promising breeding method. For this purpose, wheat-Th. bessarabicum amphiploid, addition and translocation lines have been screened in field and screen house conditions to get novel sources of yellow rust and Karnal bunt resistant. Stripe rust screening under field conditions has revealed addition lines 4JJ and 6JJ as resistant to moderately resistant while addition lines 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ and translocation lines Tr-3, Tr-6 as moderately resistant wheat-Thinopyrum-bessarabicum genetic stock. Karnal bunt screening depicted addition lines 5JJ and 4JJ as highly resistant genetic stock. These genetic stocks may be used to introgression novel stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance from the tertiary gene pool into susceptible wheat backgrounds.

Resumo A utilização de técnicas modernas de melhoramento para o desenvolvimento de tipos de plantas uniformes e de alto rendimento, em última análise, estreitando a composição genética da maioria das culturas. A composição genética restrita dessas plantações tornou-as vulneráveis a doenças e epidemias de insetos. Para uma produção agrícola sustentável, a variabilidade genética dessas culturas deve ser ampliada contra vários estresses bióticos e abióticos. Uma das maneiras de ampliar a configuração genética dessas culturas é identificar novas fontes adicionais de resistência durável. A esse respeito, os parentes selvagens das culturas estão fornecendo fontes valiosas de diversidade alélica para vários componentes de qualidade e tolerância ao estresse abiótico e biótico. Para incorporar a nova variabilidade da ampla técnica de hibridização de parente selvagem tornou-se um método de reprodução promissor. Para esse efeito, trigo-Th. As linhas anfiploides, de adição e translocação de bessarabicum foram selecionadas em condições de campo e de casa de tela para obter novas fontes de ferrugem amarela e resistência ao bunt de Karnal. A triagem de ferrugem em faixas em condições de campo revelou as linhas de adição 4JJ e 6JJ como resistentes a moderadamente resistentes, enquanto as linhas de adição 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ e as linhas de translocação Tr-3, Tr-6 como estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum moderadamente resistente. A triagem Karnal bunt descreveu as linhas de adição 5JJ e 4JJ como estoque genético altamente resistente. Esses estoques genéticos podem ser usados para introgressão da nova ferrugem e resistência ao bunt de Karnal do pool genético terciário em origens de trigo suscetíveis.

Effect of wheat-grain moxibustion on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow cell in mice with bone marrow inhibition / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14), "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow cell in mice with bone marrow inhibition, and to explore the possible mechanism of wheat-grain moxibustion in treating bone marrow inhibition.@*METHODS@#Forty-five SPF male CD1(ICR) mice were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group and a wheat-grain moxibustion group, 15 mice in each group. The bone marrow inhibition model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CTX). The mice in the wheat-grain moxibustion group were treated with wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14), "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), 3 moxa cones per acupoint, 30 s per moxa cone, once a day, for 7 consecutive days. The white blood cell count (WBC) was measured before modeling, before intervention and 3, 5 d and 7 d into intervention. After intervention, the general situation of mice was observed; the number of nucleated cells in bone marrow was detected; the serum levels of interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured by ELISA; the protein and mRNA expression of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and C-Myc in bone marrow cells was measured by Western blot and real-time PCR method.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the blank group, the mice in the model group showed sluggish reaction, unstable gait, decreased body weight, and the WBC, number of nucleated cells in bone marrow as well as serum levels of IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF were decreased (P<0.01), and the protein and mRNA expression of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and C-Myc was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the mice in the wheat-grain moxibustion group showed better general condition, and WBC, the number of nucleated cells in bone marrow as well as serum levels of IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the protein and mRNA expression of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and C-Myc was increased (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Wheat-grain moxibustion shows therapeutic effect on bone marrow inhibition, and its mechanism may be related to activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow cells, improving bone medullary hematopoiesis microenvironment and promoting bone marrow cell proliferation.

Characterization of wheat-Thinopyrum bessarabicum genetic stock for stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance / Caracterização do estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum para resistência de ferrugem e Karnal bunt

Utilization of modern breeding techniques for developing high yielding and uniform plant types ultimately narrowing the genetic makeup of most crops. Narrowed genetic makeup of these crops has made them vulnerable towards disease and insect epidemics. For sustainable crop production, genetic variability of these crops must be broadened against various biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the ways to widen genetic configuration of these crops is to identify novel additional sources of durable resistance. In this regard crops wild relatives are providing valuable sources of allelic diversity towards various biotic, abiotic stress tolerance and quality components. For incorporating novel variability from wild relative’s wide hybridization technique has become a promising breeding method. For this purpose, wheat-Th. bessarabicum amphiploid, addition and translocation lines have been screened in field and screen house conditions to get novel sources of yellow rust and Karnal bunt resistant. Stripe rust screening under field conditions has revealed addition lines 4JJ and 6JJ as resistant to moderately resistant while addition lines 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ and translocation lines Tr-3, Tr-6 as moderately resistant wheat-Thinopyrum-bessarabicum genetic stock. Karnal bunt screening depicted addition lines 5JJ and 4JJ as highly resistant genetic stock. These genetic stocks may be used to introgression novel stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance from the tertiary gene pool into susceptible wheat backgrounds.

A utilização de técnicas modernas de melhoramento para o desenvolvimento de tipos de plantas uniformes e de alto rendimento, em última análise, estreitando a composição genética da maioria das culturas. A composição genética restrita dessas plantações tornou-as vulneráveis a doenças e epidemias de insetos. Para uma produção agrícola sustentável, a variabilidade genética dessas culturas deve ser ampliada contra vários estresses bióticos e abióticos. Uma das maneiras de ampliar a configuração genética dessas culturas é identificar novas fontes adicionais de resistência durável. A esse respeito, os parentes selvagens das culturas estão fornecendo fontes valiosas de diversidade alélica para vários componentes de qualidade e tolerância ao estresse abiótico e biótico. Para incorporar a nova variabilidade da ampla técnica de hibridização de parente selvagem tornou-se um método de reprodução promissor. Para esse efeito, trigo-Th. As linhas anfiploides, de adição e translocação de bessarabicum foram selecionadas em condições de campo e de casa de tela para obter novas fontes de ferrugem amarela e resistência ao bunt de Karnal. A triagem de ferrugem em faixas em condições de campo revelou as linhas de adição 4JJ e 6JJ como resistentes a moderadamente resistentes, enquanto as linhas de adição 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ e as linhas de translocação Tr-3, Tr-6 como estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum moderadamente resistente. A triagem Karnal bunt descreveu as linhas de adição 5JJ e 4JJ como estoque genético altamente resistente. Esses estoques genéticos podem ser usados para introgressão da nova ferrugem e resistência ao bunt de Karnal do pool genético terciário em origens de trigo suscetíveis.

Characterization of wheat-Thinopyrum bessarabicum genetic stock for stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance

Abstract Utilization of modern breeding techniques for developing high yielding and uniform plant types ultimately narrowing the genetic makeup of most crops. Narrowed genetic makeup of these crops has made them vulnerable towards disease and insect epidemics. For sustainable crop production, genetic variability of these crops must be broadened against various biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the ways to widen genetic configuration of these crops is to identify novel additional sources of durable resistance. In this regard crops wild relatives are providing valuable sources of allelic diversity towards various biotic, abiotic stress tolerance and quality components. For incorporating novel variability from wild relatives wide hybridization technique has become a promising breeding method. For this purpose, wheat-Th. bessarabicum amphiploid, addition and translocation lines have been screened in field and screen house conditions to get novel sources of yellow rust and Karnal bunt resistant. Stripe rust screening under field conditions has revealed addition lines 4JJ and 6JJ as resistant to moderately resistant while addition lines 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ and translocation lines Tr-3, Tr-6 as moderately resistant wheat-Thinopyrum-bessarabicum genetic stock. Karnal bunt screening depicted addition lines 5JJ and 4JJ as highly resistant genetic stock. These genetic stocks may be used to introgression novel stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance from the tertiary gene pool into susceptible wheat backgrounds.

Resumo A utilização de técnicas modernas de melhoramento para o desenvolvimento de tipos de plantas uniformes e de alto rendimento, em última análise, estreitando a composição genética da maioria das culturas. A composição genética restrita dessas plantações tornou-as vulneráveis a doenças e epidemias de insetos. Para uma produção agrícola sustentável, a variabilidade genética dessas culturas deve ser ampliada contra vários estresses bióticos e abióticos. Uma das maneiras de ampliar a configuração genética dessas culturas é identificar novas fontes adicionais de resistência durável. A esse respeito, os parentes selvagens das culturas estão fornecendo fontes valiosas de diversidade alélica para vários componentes de qualidade e tolerância ao estresse abiótico e biótico. Para incorporar a nova variabilidade da ampla técnica de hibridização de parente selvagem tornou-se um método de reprodução promissor. Para esse efeito, trigo-Th. As linhas anfiploides, de adição e translocação de bessarabicum foram selecionadas em condições de campo e de casa de tela para obter novas fontes de ferrugem amarela e resistência ao bunt de Karnal. A triagem de ferrugem em faixas em condições de campo revelou as linhas de adição 4JJ e 6JJ como resistentes a moderadamente resistentes, enquanto as linhas de adição 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ e as linhas de translocação Tr-3, Tr-6 como estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum moderadamente resistente. A triagem Karnal bunt descreveu as linhas de adição 5JJ e 4JJ como estoque genético altamente resistente. Esses estoques genéticos podem ser usados para introgressão da nova ferrugem e resistência ao bunt de Karnal do pool genético terciário em origens de trigo suscetíveis.

Dietary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the pollution level of deoxynivalenol （DON） in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai， and to assess the health risks of DON exposure for residents in Shanghai who ingested DON from wheat flour and its products. MethodsRisk monitoring data of DON in wheat flour and its products sold in Shanghai from 2017 to 2021 were combined with the consumption data of wheat flour and its products by Shanghai residents. A probabilistic assessment method was used to assess dietary exposure of DON in wheat flour and its products. ResultsThe overall detection rate of DON in wheat flour and its products was 77.3% （1 041/1 347）， with a mean concentration of 226.3 μg·kg-1， P50 of 130.0 μg·kg-1 and a maximum value of 3 080.0 μg·kg-1. The mean daily exposure and 95th percentile daily exposure （by body weight） of DON from wheat flour and its products in Shanghai residents were 0.279 μg·kg-1 and 1.146 μg·kg， accounting for 27.9% and 114.6% of the daily tolerable intake of DON TDI， 1 μg·kg， respectively. The probability assessment results indicated that 6.1% of the whole population in Shanghai had DON exposure exceeding the TDI value. Among them， 12.8% of the population aged 6 years old and below， 16.4% of the population aged between 7 and 17 years old， 3.9% of the population aged between 18 and 59 years old and 3.2% of the population aged 60 years old and above exceeded the TDI value for daily DON exposure through wheat flour and its products. ConclusionCertain populations in Shanghai may face certain health risks from daily DON intake wheat flour and its products. Special attention should be paid to the health risk of daily DON exposure through wheat flour and its products for individuals age below 18 years old .

Health Risk Assessment of PAHs from Wheat (Tritcum specie) Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranea) and Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajanifolia) Consumed in Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic and genotoxic in nature and have been of worldwide concern. This study aimed at determining the PAH contamination levels in types of wheat (Tritcum specie), bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and pigeon peas (Cajanus cajanifolia) commonly consumed in the eastern part of Nigeria and assess the health risk associated with their consumption. The grain samples were analyzed of sixteen priority PAHs using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID after extraction by sonication. Estimation of daily intakes were carried out using adult male and female consumers while margin of exposure was used to assess the health risk applying bench mark dose levels for the indicators-BaP, PAH2, PAH4 and PAH8. The sixteen PAHs were detected in all the analyzed grains. The ∑16 PAHs concentrations (× 10¯²µg/kg) detected ranged from 25.004±20.553 in white pigeon peas to 36.493±20.305 in red pigeon peas. The eight probable carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAH8) detected ranged from 10.913±4.295 to 17.444±7.023 also in white and red pigeon peas respectively. From the estimation of daily intake calculated, the total dietary exposure of male (41.42 µg/kg bw/day) was less than that of female (48.24 µg/kg bw/day) implying that adult female are more exposed. The MOE for adult male individual ranged from 49,893 in pure white bambara groundnut to 392,943 in pigeon peas. While for adult female individual, the values of MOE ranged from 48,110 in bambara groundnut to 336,770 in pigeon peas. The values of margin of MOE obtained for all the indicators were much higher than 10000 which according to EFSA indicate low concern for human health and considered low priority for risk management actions. The PAHs values detected were all below 1.0 µg/kg which is the permissible limit established by EFSA. Based on these facts, these grains are safe for consumption.

Polygalacturonates of Biogenic Metals - Prospective Components of New Composite Preparations for Wheat

New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created. Aims: The goal of the research was to create effective environmentally safe preparations of multifunctional action, with low cost rates for grain crops based on natural polymers of pectin nature and to determine the effectiveness of their use for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds. Methodology: Methods of chemical synthesis of products, research of their structure by atomic force microscopy were used in the work. Laboratory and vegetative experiments were carried out. The substrate is quartz sand. Physiological and biochemical methods were used to determine the working absorbing surface of the roots and its absorbing activity, amylolytic activity, the content of photosynthesis pigments according to Wellburn. The results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results: The atomic force microscopy method made it possible to detect a mixture of individual polymer molecules and their aggregates in pectin fractions. Depending on the concentration of pectins in the solution, they form different structures. New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created. According to the results of laboratory and vegetation experiments, the growth-stimulating activity of polygalacturonates of copper, iron, calcium, and nickel, which were used for pre-sowing processing of Smuhlyanka variety winter soft wheat seeds was determined. Preparations contribute to the active development of the root system of plants, strengthening their physiological activity. The investigated compounds are effective promising components of complex compositional preparations for modern agrotechnologies of winter wheat cultivation. Conclusion: The use of such metal complexes at an insignificant rate of expenditure should contribute to the increase of economic and ecological indicators of crop production � the reduction of the cost price of wheat grain due to the increase in yield and grain quality.

Weeds infesting Wheat crop in Rohtak, Haryana

Multiple field visits were performed to investigate weed flora of wheat fields in Rohtak district of Haryana, conducted during 2018 which revealed infestation of 28 weed species comprising 15 families of grasses and broadleaf weeds. The weeds were identified with the help of available literature and through comparison with the already identified weed species. Poa annua, Polypogon monspeliensis and broadleaf weeds Chenopodium album, Rumex retroflex, Coronopus didymus were the pre-dominant weeds in moist region, whereas Cynodon dactylon, Fumaria parviflora, Chenopodium album, Polypogon monspeliensis in light soil with low salinity. There was a greater variety of weeds in Bohar and Kharawar villages and the least was found in village Sheria and Garnavati from vegetative to fully grown stage. Maximum number of species were of family Poaceae and Asteraceae. This study will be helpful as an additional tool in maintaining the floristic composition of District Rohtak as well as in controlling the weed problem

Formation of Self-organized Structures in Drying Droplets: a Promising Analytical Tool for Homeopathy Basic Research

The droplet evaporation method (DEM) is based on the evaporation-induced pattern formation in droplets and is applied mainly for medical diagnosis[1].Here, we present aseries of experiments performed by our team showing DEMs potential also forhomeopathy basic research, in particular, for the investigation of(i) low potencies, (ii) low potency complexes (physical model), and (iii) the action of high potencies (plant-based model).Methods:(i) DEM differentiated significantly between Luffa, Baptisia, Echinacea, and Spongiauntil 4x[2]. Furthermore, the patterns varied in function of the numberof succussion strokes (0, 10, or 100) applied during potentization[3]. The performance of chaotic succussions vs. laminar flow vs. slight mixing during the potentization of Viscum album quercus3x influenced the DEM patterns; the chaotic succussions reduced, whereas laminar flow enhanced the patterns complexity vs. the unsuccussed control.(ii) The addition of Mercurius bijodatus9x to Luffa4x changed significantly the DEM patterns, even if the material quantity present in the 9x potency lied far beyond that of ultrapure water.(iii) Leakages obtained by placing healthy or arsenic-damaged wheat-seeds into Arsenicum album45x orheat-damaged intoZincum metallicum30c vs. water created significantly different DEM structures [4, 5]. Results:The damaged seeds put into the potency created structures characterized by a higher complexity than those obtained from damaged seeds put into control water. Furthermore, the potency action seemed to increase with rising numbers ofsuccussion strokes applied during potentization,ascould be shown by means of DEM patterns and germination rate using the same wheat-seed model[6].In all our studies, the pattern evaluation was computerized (texture and fractal analysis performed by means of ImageJ) or based on deep-learning algorithms and the robustness of the experimental system was checked by means of systematic control experiments.Conclusion:DEM together with other similarmethods has also been reviewed by our team for what concerns theapplication in homeopathy basic research[7].

Response of three wheat varieties to nitrogen levels, seeding rates and their combination; 2: Spike characters

To achieve larger production per unit area, sciences and farmers face a great defiance in improving cropping practices and elicitation new top yielding wheat varieties and also to establish the effects of these factors on the spike characters. Two years experiment were conducted to evaluate the effect of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (recommend rate 80 kg N/fed and 25% lower and higher than the recommended, i.e. 60 and 100 kg N/ fed, three seeding rates (40, 60 and 80 kg grains/fed) and there varieties (Giza-171, Gemmiza-12 and Shandawil-1), on spike characters of wheat at the Agricultural and experimental Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The experimental design was a split- split plot in randomized complete block arrangement with three replications. Nitrogen levels were allocated to the main plots, while the sub plots were assigned for seeding rates. Wheat varieties were distributed at random in the sub-sub plots. Each sub-sub plots area 4 m (2 x 2m). Generally, results indicated that significant effect on spike length and number of grains/ spike in both seasons and on weight of grains/ spike and 1000-grain weight in one season, where the tallest and heaviest spike as well as the heaviest 1000-grain weight were produced at the 100 kg N/fed in both seasons but the highest number of grains/spike was obtained at 80 kg N/fed in one season. It could be concluded that application nitrogen at the rate of 100 kg/fed proceed the favorable effect on spike characters under the environmental conditions of the experimental site and the similar conditions. Seeding rates caused a significant effect on all studied traits in one season, so the highest values were at 80 kg grains/fed, but this effect on 1000-grain weight was true in both seasons, where the highest value was at 60 kg grains/fed. Moreover, varieties were significantly differed in all spike character in both seasons except number and weight of grains/spike in one season where Giza-12 variety surpassed others. Al studied interactions had significant effect on all studied traits either in one or two season. Planting Giza-171 with 80 kg grains/fed and application of 100 kg N/fed was the pest treatment.

Behavior of laying chicks fed diets containing sources and levels of dietary fiber in the starter phase / Comportamento de pintainhas de postura leve alimentadas com dietas contendo fontes e níveis de fibra dietética na fase de cria

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the behavior and welfare conditions of laying chicks in the starter phase, fed with diets formulated with increasing levels of crude fiber (CF) and two feedstuffs with different fiber compositions. The experiment was developed at the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiânia - GO, Brazil. Three hundred Bovans White chicks were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 2×2+1 factorial arrangement corresponding to two levels of CF in the diet (3.0 and 3.5%) and two fiber sources (wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse), plus a control treatment (maize- and soybean meal-based), totaling five treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. Maintenance behavioral patterns and welfare were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age. There was no difference in behavior and classification by order of importance of the activities performed by the fiber-fed birds observed at 21 and 42 days, according to the Kruskal Wallis test (P>0.05). Medium and good welfare conditions were obtained with wheat bran at 3.5 and 3.0% CF, respectively, at 21 days of age. At 42 days, the use of sugarcane bagasse at the CF level of 3.5% and wheat bran at the level of 3.0%provided good behavior conditions. The use of crude fiber in the feeding of hens did not change their behavior.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de pintainhas de postura na fase de cria, alimentadas com dietas formuladas com aumento de fibra bruta e dois alimentos com composições de fibra diferentes. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, utilizando-se 300 pintainhas Bovans White, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2x2+1, com dois níveis de fibra bruta na dieta (3,0% e 3,5 % de FB), duas fontes de fibra (farelo de trigo e bagaço de cana) e o tratamento testemunha (ração a base de milho e farelo de soja), totalizando cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram avaliados padrões de comportamento de manutenção e bem-estar aos 21 e 42 dias de idade. Não houve diferença no comportamento e na classificação por ordem de importância das atividades realizadas pelas aves alimentadas com fibra e observadas aos 21 e 42 dias pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis (P>0,05). Obteve-se condições média e boa com farelo de trigo e 3,5 e 3,0% de fibra bruta, respectivamente, com 21 dias de idade. Aos 42 dias, o uso de bagaço de cana ao nível de 3,5% de fibra bruta e o farelo de trigo ao nível de 3,0%, mostraram boas condições de comportamento. A utilização de fibra bruta na alimentação de frangas não alterou o comportamento das aves.